Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Or Juvenile Onset ) - 1156 Words

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (or juvenile onset) is a localised auto immunity disease caused by type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for the destruction of Beta (ÃŽ ²) cells with in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreases (Handorf, Sollinger, Alam, 2015). Although reasons why are unknown, this is due to T-Cell Receptors (TCR’s) binding to self-antigens presented by class 1 Major Histocompatibility Complex ((MHCs) Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in humans) on the membrane of ÃŽ ² cells aided by binding cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4). CD4 a transmembrane glycoprotein present on T-cells binds to a specific region of the MCH this is the first signal†¦show more content†¦DISC starts a caspase cascade were procaspase 8 is cleaved to caspase (cysteine-aspartic acid protease) 8 which in turn cleaves procaspase 3 to the caspase 3. It is caspase 3 which fragments proteins and activa tes caspase activated DNase (CAD) to fragment deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within the cell by breaking down peptide bonds (Janeway, Travers, Walport, Shlomchik, 2001). Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes has shown to have an incident rate of 22.8/100,000 in children under 15 while its peak age for diagnosis between 9 and 14 year of age and occurs rapidly over a few weeks. Like its name suggest juvenile onset suggests 95.1% of people under 19 have type 1 when compared to type 2 diabetes furthermore makes up only 5-10% of all diabetes cases (Cass, 2015). As previously stated the mechanisms of why this auto immune disease occurs are unclear however there are risk factors which increase your likelihood of developing the disease. Family prevalence can increase your risk factor even though in 85% of cases there is no family history. With 2-4% increased change if your mother has the disease and 6-9% if your father has the condition. This raises up to 30% if both parents have the condition link ing genetics and environmental factors to developing the disease, specifically being a heterozygote for the

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Free Essays

Since it’s first introduction in the year 1983, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has very rapidly become a fundamental tool for improving the health and human life. PCR was developed by Dr. Kary Mullis, who was at the time working for Cetus Corporation as a chemist. We will write a custom essay sample on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or any similar topic only for you Order Now PCR is the quick and efficient method for making unlimited copies of each and every inch of DNA. It can also be adapted to allow amplification of RNA samples as well as DNA samples from any type of organism. PCR is simplified into a 3-step process, which is repeated for 30-40 cycles. The procedure begins with the first step called denaturation. In the phase of denaturation, the structure of the DNA is altered. The double-stranded DNA melts and exposes into two pieces of single-stranded DNA at approximately 94 degrees Celsius. Transitioning into the second step called annealing or in other words, pairing up together. At a temperature of 54 degrees Celsius, the primers cool down and join to the single-stranded DNA or â€Å"template†. The double-stranded DNA then attaches to the polymerase and starts to shoot out copies. Finally during the last stage of the PCR process known as elongation or extension, the polymerase works it’s magic. At 72 degrees Celsius the DNA building blocks are paired up with the DNA primers, to create a double-stranded DNA molecule. After all the processes are completed in one cycle round, a single portion of double-stranded DNA is finally enlarged into two separate pieces of double-stranded DNA. However, as the cycles repeat themselves, more and more clones are generated and the number of DNA copies are intensified exponentially. The procedure of doing a PCR is more vital than we may fathom. It has been found to cure and diagnose genetic diseases, locate bacteria and viruses, DNA fingerprinting, study paternity, biological relationships, and human evolution. All in all, PCR has become widely known to biologists, DNA labs, and many other forensics laboratories. PCR is also one of the quickest testing methods to many diseases, for example The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, commonly known as HIV. HIV is a very difficult disease to find and eradicate. The earlier tests depended on the presence of antibodies in the human bloodstream. When performing the antibody test, there may be no results until weeks after exposure to the virus. Nevertheless, when performing a PCR test results appear much faster, and as little as one genome among 50,000 host cells can be easily detected. PCR can efficiently detect the forensics of HIV, rather than the antibodies contained in the blood. The same goes for Tuberculosis, which are also complicated in sampling from patients, PCR tests speed up the results so that precautions may be taken as soon as possible. PCR testing is one of the many ways that can assist in detecting several diseases, and yet PCR is very vital to the human life. How to cite Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Papers

Secret copying work Essay Example For Students

Secret copying work Essay No; only merry. And you have always been so kind to me. But our house has been nothing but a playroom. Here I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I used to be papas doll-child. And the children, in their turn, have been my dolls. I thought it fun when you played with me, just as the children did when I played with them. That has been our marriage, Torvald. In order to attain adulthood Nora must leave this existence behind. Without the audience of the times understanding of this it is acceptable that the play was not as well received by some. Therefore I believe that the real question maybe; Were the people who thought the play controversial behind the times? I will further investigate the plot of A Dolls House to determine this. In the first two acts of the play we as the audience see that the role of Torvalds little skylark and squirrel is one in which he enforces onto her and which she self-consciously plays. This is emphasized with the lines spoken by Nora. I would never dream of doing anything you didnt wasnt me to; I never get anywhere without your help. These lines appear highly ironic in view of the revelation that she forged her fathers signature in order to secure a loan from Krogstad to save Torvalds life and that she has done, for example, secret copying work in an attempt to pay off the loan. These actions show the audience that Nora is indeed capable and willing to help herself and Torvald without his intervention. 5 Ultimately A Dolls House focuses on the way that women are seen, especially in the context of marriage and motherhood. Torvald in particular has a very clear and narrow definition of a womans role. He believes that it is the sacred duty of a woman to be a good wife and mother. He tells Nora that women are responsible for the morality of their children. In essence he sees women as child-like helpless creatures detached from reality and influential moral forces responsible for the purity of the world through their influence in the home. The perception of manliness is also discussed, though in a much more subtle way. Noras description of Torvald suggests that she is partially aware of the lies inherent in the male role as much as that of the female. Torvalds conception of manliness is based on the value of total independence. He abhors the idea of financial or moral dependence on anyone. His desire for independence leads to the question of whether he is out of touch with reality and behind the times. Tied to the discussion of men and women are the frequent references to Noras father. Throughout the play, there are references to Noras father. Nora is frequently equated with him from her actions. Quotations like the one below suggest that Nora does wish that she were like her father and, taking that further, male. Her desire suggests a deeper understanding of the confinement she faces than might otherwise be apparent. Ah, I wish I had inherited many of Papas qualities My overall conclusion is that Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House contained themes and ideas and observations that were just coming into being at in the late 1800s. These ideas were most certainly ahead of their time as they still apply today. However it is important to realise that Ibsen was writing for a specific audience and for a set time. He did not intend his play to be a domineering factor in womens liberation. Ibsen could have been simply reporting what was happening socially at that time and bringing the ideas to a wider audience. Therefore I would like to state that Ibsen might not have consciously decided he wanted to express ideas ahead of their time but considering the play is still heralded as a feminist success; I believe that the play has timeless ideas that we as a society need to address. .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .postImageUrl , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:hover , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:visited , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:active { border:0!important; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:active , .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255 .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e86b5bc0c79f659c7c39d208b85a255:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Airbags Essay1 Ibsen, Speeches and the New Letters trans. Arne Kildal, (1909;New York, 1972), P. 65. 2 Joan Templeton, The Doll house backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen, P . 104. , (1989) 3 The Correspondence of Henrik Ibsen, ed. Mary Morrison (New York, 1970), P. 365, 423-424. 4 Translated and quoted by Katherine Hanson, Ibsens Women Characters and Their Feminist Contemporaries, Theatre History Studies, (1982), P. 868. 5 Lester. Elenore, Ibsens Unliberated Heroines, The Centennial Review, 18, (1974), P. 91-108.